Gamma-Butyrobetaine is a proatherogenic intermediate in gut microbial metabolism of L-carnitine to TMAO
Stem Cells Int 2015:379093 Margaritelis NV, Theodorou AA, Paschalis V, Veskoukis AS, Dipla K, Zafeiridis A, Panayiotou G, Vrabas IS, Kyparos A, Nikolaidis MG (2018) Adaptations to endurance training depend on exercise-induced oxidative stress: exploiting redox interindividual variability
Because it avoids hepatic first-pass metabolism, circulating citrulline is primarily cleared by the proximal renal tubule, where it is enzymatically converted to arginine
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